Biomimetic and inflatable energy-absorbing helmet to reduce head injuries and concussions

ABSTRACT

A helmet for protecting the head of a user. The helmet includes an outer shell, an inner shell having padding that contacts the head and a cavity formed between the inner and the outer shells, wherein the cavity is filled with a fluid such as air. The helmet also includes a plurality of resilient strands located in the cavity and affixed between the outer and inner shells, wherein an impact force on the outer shell causes the head to impact the padding with a reaction force that compresses the cavity. Compression of the cavity pushes fluid through the strands to increase fluid friction and alter a velocity of the fluid. This decreases the energy of impact and consequently reduces an amount of force transferred to the head thereby protecting the head from normal and shear force.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to protective headgear for a user's head, andmore particularly, to a helmet having a plurality of resilient strandslocated in a shock absorbing cavity filled with pressurized fluidwherein the strands are affixed between outer and inner shells of thehelmet and wherein compression of the cavity due to a reaction forcecaused by the head pushes fluid through the strands to increase fluidfriction and alter fluid velocity and thereby dissipate impact energy,and consequently reduce an amount of force transferred to the head.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Protective headgear and helmets are used to minimize head injuries andin particular skull fractures. In contact sports, in particular Americanfootball, players are subjected to concussions which have recentlybecome a subject of deep concern.

A concussion is neither a skull fracture nor a bruise to the brain,which is generally caused by hitting a hard surface. Rather, aconcussion generally occurs when a person's head accelerates rapidly andthen is stopped suddenly. Concussion symptoms often include headache,confusion, blurred vision, slurred speech, dizziness, amnesia, nausea,vomiting and unconsciousness. In addition, concussions increase the riskof neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or othermemory-related diseases.

Statistically, data from the National Football League (a professionalAmerican football league) shows that, on average, one concussion occursin every other game and approximately 120 to 130 concussions occurduring each regular season. Moreover, of the 160 players interviewed bythe Associated Press news bureau, 50% reported experiencing at least oneconcussion and 38% acknowledged having missed playing time because of aconcussion-related injury.

The human brain is protected by structures including the scalp, skull,meninges, and cerebral spinal fluid. The brain is anatomically suspendedwithin the skull by arachnoid trabeculae and supported by a series ofthree fibrous tissue layers called dura mater, arachnoid mater and piamater, known as the meninges. The meninges serve as a cushioningmaterial that surrounds and protects the brain against impacts.Arachnoid trabeculae are strands of collagen tissues that are located inthe space between the arachnoid and pia mater known as subarachnoidspace (SAS). The SAS includes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which stabilizesthe shape and the position of the brain during head movements. However,depending upon the magnitude of impact load, the natural protectivemechanism/structure of the human body may not be effective against ahigh impact load due to relatively high changes in acceleration. Braindamage may result if the energy of impact cannot be sufficientlyabsorbed by the meninges/SAS/CSF structure or, in severe cases, contactbetween brain and skull may occur which leads to bleeding andneural-network damages.

A function of the CSF is to protect the brain and spinal cord fromchemical and mechanical injuries. It has been also shown that thesubarachnoid space (SAS) trabeculae play an important role in dampingand reducing the relative movement of the brain with respect to theskull, thereby reducing traumatic brain injuries (TBI). The cerebrum isthe largest part of the brain and consists of the gray and white mattereach of which has important functions in muscle control and sensoryperception. The cerebrum is the superior region of the central nervoussystem (CNS). The neural networks of the CNS facilitate complexbehaviors such as social interactions, thought, judgment, learning,memory, and in humans, speech and language. The excessive stress andstrain due to impact load will impair the neural networks of the CNS.

Previous attempts have been made to absorb the impact by adding morepadding to the inside of the helmet or by changing the external shell ofthe helmets. However, many commercial helmets available in the marketare not effective against concussion and may prevent player's head fromonly fracture. Therefore, it is desirable to improve helmet designs inorder to reduce the likelihood of concussion-related injuries.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment, a new design of helmet for protecting the user's headis disclosed. The helmet includes an outer shell, an inner shell havingpadding that contacts the head and a cavity formed between the inner andthe outer shells, wherein the cavity is filled with a fluid. The helmetalso includes a plurality of resilient strands located in the cavity andaffixed between the outer and inner shells, wherein an impact force onthe outer shell causes the head to impact the padding with a reactionforce that compresses the cavity. Compression of the cavity pushes fluidthrough the strands to increase fluid friction and reduce overallvelocity of the fluid and thereby an amount of force transferred to thehead.

In a second embodiment, the helmet includes an outer shell having aninner surface that includes a first plurality of protrusions. The helmetalso includes an inner shell having padding that contacts the head of auser wherein the inner shell further includes an outer surface having asecond plurality of protrusions, wherein the first plurality ofprotrusions is not aligned with the second plurality of protrusions.First and second protrusions are staggered with any geometrical shape,e.g. bulge shape, wherein they mate each other during compression. Inaddition, a cavity is formed between the inner and outer surfaces. Thehelmet further includes a plurality of liner sections located betweenthe first and second plurality of protrusions. A liner section isconnected to an adjacent liner section by a connector element thatenables fluid communication between the liner sections wherein the linersections are filled with a fluid. An impact force on the outer shellcauses the head to impact the padding with a reaction force thatcompresses the cavity. Compression of the cavity compresses at least oneliner and pushes fluid from the liner and subsequently through at leastone connector element to increase fluid friction and reduce a velocityof the fluid and thereby an amount of force transferred to the head.

In a third embodiment, the helmet includes an outer shell having aninner surface and an inner shell having paddings that contact the headof a user, wherein the inner shell further includes an outer surface.The helmet also includes a cavity formed between the inner and outersurfaces and a plurality of shock absorbing elements located between theinner and outer surfaces. Each shock absorbing element includes upperand lower walls that confines an internal chamber having a plurality ofstrands affixed between the upper and lower walls. A shock absorbingelement is connected to an adjacent shock absorbing element by aconnector element that enables fluid communication between the shockabsorbing elements wherein the shock absorbing elements are filled witha fluid. An impact force on the outer shell causes the head to impactthe padding with a reaction force that compresses the cavity.Compression of the cavity compresses at least one shock absorbingelement and pushes fluid through the strands of the shock absorbingelement and at least one connector element to increase fluid frictionand reduce a velocity of the fluid and thereby an amount of forcetransferred to the head. Each strand serves as a baffle contributing tothe damping of impact energy.

Those skilled in the art may apply the respective features of thepresent invention jointly or severally in any combination orsub-combination.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The exemplary embodiments of the invention are further described in thefollowing detailed description in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a sagittal cross-sectional view of a helmet in accordance witha first embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view of the first embodiment andillustrates a coronal cross-section of the helmet.

FIG. 3 is an expanded cross-sectional view of a portion of the helmetwhen subjected to a normal impact force F1.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the helmet beingsubjected to a shearing impact load F2.

FIG. 5 depicts a sagittal cross-sectional view of a helmet in accordancewith a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 depicts a perspective view of the second embodiment andillustrates a coronal cross-section of the helmet.

FIG. 7 is an expanded cross-sectional view of a portion of the helmet ofthe second embodiment when subjected to a normal impact force F1.

FIG. 8 depicts a sagittal cross-sectional view of a helmet in accordancewith a third embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is an expanded cross-sectional view of exemplary shock absorbingelements.

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary liner and associated air valve along viewline 10-10 of FIG. 8 wherein the liner is shown without the helmet andunfolded.

FIG. 11 is an isometric sectional view of an alternate embodiment for ashock absorbing element.

FIG. 12 illustrates an isometric view of internal strands of the shockabsorbing element of the alternate embodiment without surrounding walls.

FIGS. 13A-13K depict alternate embodiments and arrangements for theholes of the strands inside the shock absorbing element along view line13-13 of FIG. 12.

FIGS. 14A-14J show side views of alternate shapes for the strands of theshock absorbing element along view line 14-14 of FIG. 12.

To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have beenused, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common tothe figures. The figures are not drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Although various embodiments that incorporate the teachings of thepresent disclosure have been shown and described in detail herein, thoseskilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments thatstill incorporate these teachings. The scope of the disclosure is notlimited in its application to the exemplary embodiment details ofconstruction and the arrangement of components set forth in thedescription or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosure encompassesother embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out invarious ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology andterminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should notbe regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or“having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the itemslisted thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,”“supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly andencompass direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, andcouplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted tophysical or mechanical connections or couplings.

FIG. 1 is a sagittal cross-sectional view of a helmet 100 in accordancewith a first embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 depicts a perspectiveview of the first embodiment and illustrates a coronal cross-section ofthe helmet 100. Referring to FIG. 1 in conjunction with FIG. 2, thehelmet 100 includes spaced-apart outer 102 and inner 104 shellsconnected by front 106 and rear 108 end walls to form a shock absorbingcavity 110. An inner surface 112 of the inner shell 104 includes paddingelements 114 that contact the head 116 of a person or user. The paddingelements 114 are fabricated from a material suitable for providingcomfort to the user such as a known soft sponge-like material. The outershell 102 may be fabricated from a hard material such as a thermoplasticpolymer while the inner shell 104 may be fabricated from a known softand deformable material. It is understood that the helmet 100 mayinclude additional padding elements and/or pads that include shockabsorbing gel material. The helmet 100 may also include a facemask 118to protect a user's face.

The cavity 110 includes a plurality of resilient thin rods or strands120. In an embodiment, the strands 120 are fabricated from aviscoelastic or soft elastic material and may be substantially curvedand/or S-shaped. Configuring each strand 120 into a curved or S-shape,rather than as a straight strand, provides an additional length ofstrand material that serves to increase fluid friction and provideseccentricity to allow buckling of the strands 120 when the helmet 142 issubjected to a compressive impact as will be described. It is understoodthat other materials and shapes may be used for the strands 120. First122 and second 124 ends of each strand 120 are affixed to inner 126 andouter 128 surfaces of the outer 102 and inner 104 shells, respectively.The strands 120 are spaced-apart relative to each other and may bearranged in a random configuration to form a dense arrangement ornetwork of strands 120 that in turn form a plurality of air passages.Alternatively, the strands 120 may be arranged in either staggered,asymmetrical, serpentine or other configurations and/or combinationsthereof. For purposes of clarity, a single row of strands 120 is shownin FIG. 1. The cavity 110 also includes a suitable fluid such as air,oil or a jell. In an embodiment, the fluid may be either pressurized ornon-pressurized. The cavity 110 is filled via a valve 130 that extendsthrough the helmet 100 and is in fluid communication with the cavity110.

FIG. 3 is an expanded cross-sectional view of a portion of the helmet100. When the helmet 100 is subjected to a substantially normal impactforce F1, the head 116 moves towards the point of loading and impactsthe padding elements 114 with an equal reaction force F1 directionallyopposite impact force F1. This results in local compression of thecavity 110 and causes nearby strands 120 to deflect and buckle to absorba portion of the reaction force F1. Due to the compression, the fluid isalso pushed away at a first velocity from the point of loading andtoward adjacent strands 120. As fluid passes around the adjacent strands120, friction between the fluid and the adjacent strands 120 causes areduction in the velocity of the fluid, thus causing damping andresulting in fluid-solid interactions. By reducing the velocity of thefluid, the amount of force transferred to the head is reduced whichultimately reduces the risk of concussion injuries.

In FIG. 4, the helmet 100 is shown being subjected to a shearing impactload F2. When this occurs, the head 116 moves towards the point ofloading and impacts the padding elements 114 with an equal reactionforce F2 directionally opposite impact force F2. This also results inlocal compression of the cavity 110 and causes local stretching of thestrands 120 to absorb a portion of the reaction force F2. Due to thecompression, air is also pushed away at a first velocity from the pointof loading and toward adjacent strands 120. As air passes around theadjacent strands 120, friction between the air and the adjacent strands120 causes a reduction in the velocity of the air, thus damping the airas previously described to reduce the amount of force transferred to thehead.

The strands 120 located in the cavity 110 and connected between theinner 126 and outer 128 surfaces correspond to the trabeculae thatconnect the arachnoid and pia mater of the human brain. The fluid, suchas air, within the outer 102 and inner 104 shells corresponds to thecerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Thus, the invention provides asubstantially biomimetic platform or structure that mimics or imitatesthe brain subarachnoid space in humans wherein the CSF and thetrabeculae act as dampers to brain motion.

FIG. 5 depicts a sagittal cross-sectional view of a helmet 132 inaccordance with a second embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 depicts aperspective view of the second embodiment and illustrates a coronalcross-section of the helmet 200. Referring to FIG. 5 in conjunction withFIG. 6, the inner 126 and outer 128 surfaces of the outer 102 and inner104 shells include a plurality of upper 134 and lower 136 bulges orprotrusions, respectively. The upper 134 and lower 136 protrusionsextend within the cavity 110. Further, the upper protrusions 134 are notaligned with the lower protrusions 136 to form a staggered arrangement.In an embodiment, the upper 134 and lower 136 protrusions aresemi-spherically shaped although it is understood that other shapes maybe used. An inflatable liner 138 is located in the cavity 110 betweenthe upper 134 and lower 136 protrusions. The liner 138 includes aplurality of liner sections wherein a first liner section is connectedto an adjacent liner section by a connector element that provides fluidcommunication between the liner sections. The connector element may be atube having an interior channel that extends through the connectorelement to provide fluid communication between adjacent liner sections.The interior channel may have a constant or variable inner diameteralong its length to reduce the flow of fluid from one liner section toan adjacent liner section. In an embodiment, the liner 138 includesfirst 138A, second 138B and third 138C liner sections. The first 138Aand second 138B liner sections are connected by a first connector 140Aand the second 138B and third 138C liner sections are connected by asecond connector 140B. The first connector 140A enables fluidcommunication between the first 138A and second 138B liner sections andthe second connector 140B enables fluid communication between the second138B and third 138C liner sections to ultimately enable fluidcommunication between the first 138A, second 138B and third 138C linersections. The first 138A, second 138B and third 138C liner sections arefilled with a fluid such as air via a valve 130 that extends through thehelmet 132 and is in fluid communication with the first liner section138A. Alternatively, at least one liner section 138A, 138B, 138C mayinclude a valve 130. It is understood that although three linersdepicted in FIG. 5, the number of liners 138 may vary depend upon thesize and dimension of helmet.

FIG. 7 is an expanded cross-sectional view of a portion of the helmet132. When the helmet 132 is subjected to a substantially normal impactforce F1, the head 116 moves towards the point of loading and locallycompresses the cavity 110 as previously described. This causescompression of a liner section 138A, 138B, 138C. For purposes ofillustration, the invention will be described with reference to secondliner section 138B once liner 138 is compressed. Due to the compression,fluid such as jell or air is pushed away at a first velocity from thepoint of loading and through the first 140A and second 140B to the otherliner sections 138A and 138C. The connectors 140A and 140B are sized soas to restrict air flow between liner sections 138A, 138B and 138C.Fluid friction due to movement of the fluid through the liner sections138A, 138B and 138C and connectors 140A and 140B reduces velocity of thefluid, thus damping the impact energy and reducing the amount of forcetransferred to the head 116.

FIG. 8 depicts a sagittal cross-sectional view of a helmet 142 inaccordance with a third embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment,the cavity 110 includes a plurality of shock absorbing elements 144located within the cavity. For example, the helmet 142 may include first144A, second 144B, third 144C, fourth 144D, fifth 144E and sixth 144Fshock absorbing elements. A shock absorbing element 144 is connected toan adjacent shock absorbing element 144 by a connector element thatprovides fluid communication between the shock absorbing elements 144.For example, the connector element may be a tube. The first 144A andsecond 144B shock absorbing elements are connected by a first connector146A, the second 144B and third 144C shock absorbing elements areconnected by a second connector 146B, the third 144C and fourth 144Dshock absorbing elements are connected by a third connector 146C, thefourth 144D and fifth 144E shock absorbing elements are connected by afourth connector 146D and the fifth 144E and sixth 144F shock absorbingelements are connected by a fifth connector 146E. The first connector146A enables fluid communication between the first 144A and second 144Bshock absorbing elements, the second connector 146B enables fluidcommunication between the second 144B and third 144C shock absorbingelements, the third connector 146C enables fluid communication betweenthe third 144C and fourth 144D shock absorbing elements, the fourthconnector 146D enables fluid communication between the fourth 144D andfifth 144E shock absorbing elements and the fifth connector 146E enablesfluid communication between the fifth 144E and sixth 144F shockabsorbing elements to ultimately enable fluid communication between thefirst 144A, second 144B, third 144C, fourth 144D, fifth 144E and sixth144F shock absorbing elements to form a liner arrangement 148. It isunderstood that although six elements depicted in FIG. 8, the number ofshock absorbing elements 144 may vary depend upon the size and dimensionof helmet. The fluid can also be air, other gases or liquids. The shockabsorbing elements 144A, 144B, 144C, 144D, 144E, 144F are filled withpressurized or low to non-pressurized fluid such as air provided via avalve. The level of pressure depends upon the user's weight. Theconnectors 146A, 146B, 146C, 146D, 146E, 144F are sized to restrictfluid flow between associated shock absorbing elements 144A, 144B, 144C,144D, 144E, 144F. Fluid friction due to movement of fluid through theshock absorbing elements 144A, 144B, 144C, 144D, 144E, 144F andconnectors 146A, 146B, 146C, 146D, 146E, 144F reduces velocity of thefluid, thus damping the energy of impact and ultimately reducing theamount of force transferred to the head 116.

FIG. 9 is an expanded cross-sectional view of exemplary shock absorbingelements wherein the third 144C and fourth 144D shock absorbing elementsare depicted for purposes of illustration. Each shock absorbing element144A, 144B, 144C, 144D, 144E, 144F includes a flexible housing 150having an internal chamber 152 defined by upper 154 and lower 156 wallsand first 158 and second 160 end walls. Each chamber 152 includes aplurality of strands 120 as previously described. First 122 and second124 ends of each strand 120 are affixed to an inner surface 155 of theupper 154 and lower 156 walls, respectively. As previously described,the strands 120 are spaced-apart relative to each other and may bearranged in a random configuration to form a dense arrangement ornetwork of strands 120 that in turn form a plurality of fluid passages.Alternatively, the strands 120 may be arranged in either staggered,asymmetrical, serpentine or other configurations and/or combinationsthereof. The first 158 and second 160 end walls each include a connectorfor connecting to an adjacent shock absorbing element.

Local compression of the cavity 110 causes a corresponding compressionof at least one shock absorbing element 144A, 144B, 144C, 144D, 144E,144F. This pushes away fluid in the compressed shock absorbing elementat a first velocity from a point of loading and toward adjacent strands120 as previously described. As fluid such as air passes around theadjacent strands, friction between the air and the adjacent strands 120causes a reduction in the velocity of the air, thus also damping the airprior to the air being transferred to an adjacent shock absorbingelement. Reducing the velocity of the air reduces the amount of forcetransferred to the head 116 and ultimately reduces the risk ofconcussion injuries.

FIG. 10 is a view of an exemplary liner 148 and associated air/fluidvalves 130 within connectors 164 along view line 10-10 of FIG. 8 whereinthe liner is shown without the helmet and unfolded. The liner 148includes a plurality of shock absorbing elements 162 which may beconfigured as either of the 144A, 144B, 144C, 144D, 144E, 144F shockabsorbing elements. The size, shape and orientation of each shockabsorbing element 162 may be configured to provide optimal protectionfor the portion of the head 116 that is to be protected. For example,the liner 148 may include a shock absorbing element 162A that is largerthan the remaining shock absorbing elements 162 in order to protect thefront of a user's head 116. As previously described, each shockabsorbing element 162, 162A is in fluid communication with an adjacentshock absorbing element via connectors 164 which serve as dampers. In anembodiment, the connectors 164 are tubes as previously described. Thisforms a network of shock absorbing elements 162, 162A and connectors164, which, in combination with the strands 120 in each shock absorbingelement 162, 162A and pressurized or non-pressurized fluid, reduces theamount of force transferred to the head 116 and ultimately reduces therisk of concussion injuries. As previously described, the shockabsorbing elements 162, 162A and connectors 164 are located in thecavity 110 formed in the helmet 142. Further, the number and size of theshock absorbing elements 162, 162A may also depend on the size of thehelmet 142.

Referring to FIG. 11, an isometric sectional view of an alternateembodiment for a shock absorbing element 166 is shown. In thisembodiment, the strands 120 are replaced by substantially vertical walls168 each including a plurality of holes 170 that enable fluid passageand create fluid friction. FIG. 12 illustrates an isometric view ofinternal strands of the shock absorbing element 166 without surroundingwalls. Fluid flows in a first direction 172 toward a first wall 168A ofthe shock absorbing element 166 and through the holes 170, and then tosubsequent walls 168 and associated holes 170, to create air friction.In an embodiment, the holes 170 may have an elongated or oval shape. Inaccordance with the invention, the holes 170 may have a variety ofshapes with different configurations and arrangements as exemplified inFIGS. 13A-13K. In particular, first wall 168A and subsequent walls 168may include holes 170 arranged in the following shapes andconfigurations: holes 170 arranged in a mesh pattern 172 (FIG. 13A),holes 174 configured as substantially vertical ellipses (FIG. 13B),non-aligned or skewed square shaped holes 176 (FIG. 13C), skewedcircular holes 178 (FIG. 13D), skewed elliptical holes 180 (FIG. 13E),symmetrically arranged or organized square shaped holes 182 (FIG. 13F),organized circular holes 184 (FIG. 13G), spaced-apart or offset squareholes 186 (FIG. 13H), offset holes 188 shaped as half-circles (FIG.13I), skewed rectangular holes 190 (FIG. 13J) and elongated rectangularholes 192 (FIG. 13K).

FIGS. 14A-14J show side views of alternate shapes for the strands 120along view line 14-14 of FIG. 12. As previously described, the strands120 may be substantially S-shaped as shown in FIG. 14E. As previouslydescribed, configuring each strand 120 into an S-shape, rather than as astraight strand, provides an additional length of strand material thatserves to increase fluid friction and provides eccentricity to allowbuckling of the strands 120 when the helmet 142 is subjected to acompressive impact. It is understood that other shapes andconfigurations may be used for the strands such as strands 194 that arearranged as vertical strips (FIG. 14A), vertical triangle shaped strands196 (FIG. 14B), opposed vertical triangle shaped strands 198 (FIG. 14C),asymmetrical opposed vertical triangle shaped strands 200 (FIG. 14D),strands 202 arranged to form keyhole shapes (FIG. 14F), opposed S-shapedstrands 204 (FIG. 14G), diagonally oriented strands 206 (FIG. 14H),strands 208 arranged in substantial V-shapes (FIG. 14I) and firstdiagonal strands 210 oriented in a first direction and second diagonalstrands 212 oriented in a second direction opposite the first direction.

While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have beenillustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in theart that various other changes and modifications can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It is thereforeintended to cover in the appended claims all such changes andmodifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A helmet for protecting the head of a user,comprising: an outer shell having an inner surface that includes a firstplurality of protrusions; an inner shell having padding that contactsthe head, wherein the inner shell includes an outer surface having asecond plurality of protrusions, wherein the first plurality ofprotrusions is not aligned with the second plurality of protrusions; acavity formed between the inner and outer surfaces; and a plurality ofliner sections located between the first and second plurality ofprotrusions, wherein a liner section is connected to an adjacent linersection by a connector element that enables fluid communication betweenthe liner sections wherein the liner sections are filled with a fluidand wherein an impact force on the outer shell causes the head to impactthe padding with a reaction force that compresses the cavity whereincompression of the cavity compresses at least one liner and pushes fluidfrom the liner and subsequently through at least one connector elementto increase fluid friction and reduce a velocity of the fluid and anamount of force transferred to the head.
 2. The helmet according toclaim 1, wherein the protrusions have a semi-spherical shape.
 3. Thehelmet according to claim 1, wherein the fluid is air, oil or a jell. 4.The helmet according to claim 1, wherein each connector element is atube having an interior channel wherein the interior channel has aconstant or variable inner diameter along its length to reduce the flowof fluid from a liner section to an adjacent liner section.